Pelagic fish live in the "midwater" zone, neither close to the seabed nor near the shore. These vast open-water zones are Earth's largest aquatic habitat, stretching from shallow coastal shelves to the deep ocean.
Pelagic fish come in many sizes, from small coastal species like sardines and herrings to large, powerful predators like tuna and sharks. Their sleek bodies and strong swimming skills let them travel long distances, sometimes forming massive schools that make their capture both efficient and impactful.
Why Pelagic Fish Matter to Farmers and Fishers
Pelagic fish are a vital source of protein and income for millions of people. In India, nearly half of the marine fish landings are from pelagic species, with small pelagic fish such as oil sardine forming about 15 percent of the total marine catch. These fish are heavily relied upon in coastal economies, offering daily meals, market opportunities, and value as feed (fishmeal) or export commodities.
Traditional Capture and the Challenges It Brings
Pelagic fish are primarily harvested using methods like mid-water trawling (dragging nets through the water) or purse-seine fishing (encircling schools with nets). These techniques are effective but can also lead to significant catches and sometimes unwanted bycatch like juvenile fish or non-target species.
Much of the fish caught for fishmeal and fish oil, which are used to feed other farmed fishes, originates from pelagic species. This creates pressure on already limited stocks. Farming fish with feed derived from wild pelagics may increase aquaculture production but also contributes to overfishing.
Sustainability
Many pelagic fish species, especially tuna, have been heavily exploited over the years. Mismanagement and under-reporting further complicate efforts to maintain healthy fish populations.
In India, regulations like the monsoon trawl ban help prevent overfishing during breeding seasons, allowing fish stocks to recover. Scientific and management innovations by institutions like CMFRI (Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute), under schemes such as PM Matsya Sampada Yojana, are also promoting sustainable harvesting and exploring new resources like mesopelagic species.
What Farmers and Fishers Should Know
If your livelihood depends on the sea, it is essential to be aware:
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Pelagic fish live in open water, not near the bottom, and require careful handling to sustain their stocks.
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Small pelagic fish play dual roles in sustaining local diets and supporting fish feed industries, but they are vulnerable to overfishing.
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Harvest methods matters- efficient nets can bring big catches but also risk depleting stocks if unmanaged.
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Government schemes and bans, such as the monsoon trawl closure or Matsya Sampada Yojana, offer tools and funds to help communities fish responsibly and increase income.
Pelagic fish are a powerful resource that can uplift coastal and riverine communities. But like all natural resources, they must be treated carefully. Sustainable practices, timely participation in conservation efforts, and awareness of policies and technologies are key to safeguarding this open-water wealth.
When farmers and fishers understand and respect the rhythms of pelagic fishes and adopt smart practices, they not only earn more but also ensure these riches are available for generations to come.
