In the heartlands of India where rivers and ponds are part of rural life, a silent revolution is brewing through the farming of Giant River Prawn, locally known as scampi. This large freshwater prawn is not only a culinary delicacy but also a reliable source of livelihood for thousands of farmers across states like Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, West Bengal, Assam, and Kerala.
Unlike marine prawns, scampi can be farmed in freshwater or slightly brackish water, making it suitable for inland farmers. With improved hatchery technologies and government support, more and more farmers are now successfully integrating scampi into their agricultural systems and earning impressive returns.
Understanding the Giant River Prawn
Macrobrachium rosenbergii is native to Southeast Asia and naturally inhabits slow-moving rivers, lakes, and canals. It thrives in freshwater environments and can also tolerate low salinity levels, making it perfect for farming in inland regions.
Scampi has a long blue-green body with strong claws (especially in males), and it can grow up to 25–30 cm in length and weigh over 200 grams. Its firm, tasty meat is widely loved in Indian households and fetches premium prices in local markets, often Rs. 400–Rs. 600 per kg or more.
Pond and Water Management
Scampi farming begins with a well-prepared pond. A one-acre pond with a depth of 1 to 1.5 meters is ideal. The pond should be cleaned, limed, and filled with clean water. Use cow dung or compost to promote plankton growth, which is a natural food source for young prawns.
Water temperature should ideally be between 26°C and 31°C, and pH should stay between 7.0 and 8.5. Aeration is important, especially during warm months, to ensure adequate oxygen levels.
Regular water exchange is also essential to maintain water quality and control ammonia buildup. Farmers should check water clarity and avoid feeding too much to prevent pollution.
Stocking and Seed Selection
Scampi seed, called post-larvae (PL), is usually purchased from certified hatcheries. Stocking density ranges from 4 to 6 PL per square meter, depending on the farming system.
It's important to stock healthy, uniform-sized PLs for better growth and survival. Before stocking, acclimatize the seeds slowly to the pond water to avoid shock and mortality.
Male scampi exhibit different claw types are blue-clawed, orange-clawed, and small males based on dominance. Managing male ratios and controlling aggressive blue-clawed males can improve overall growth in the pond.
Feeding and Growth
Scampi are omnivorous, feeding on algae, detritus, small organisms, and commercial feeds. In a farm setting, provide pellet feed with around 30–35% protein content. Start with nursery feeding (once or twice daily) and shift to grow-out feed based on size and stage.
Feeding should be done early in the morning and evening. Monitor feed response, excess feed means wastage, while too little can slow growth. Supplementing with farm-made feeds like rice bran, groundnut cake, or boiled broken rice can help reduce costs.
Growth takes 5–6 months depending on conditions. Harvestable size is usually 100–150 grams, but some prawns may grow much larger.
Harvesting and Yield
Scampi is ready for harvest when the average weight reaches the desired market size. Partial harvesting can begin after 4 months, using hand nets or traps, while complete harvesting is done by draining the pond.
An average pond of 1 acre can yield 600–800 kg of marketable scampi with good management. With high market demand, farmers can earn a net profit of Rs. 50,000 to Rs. 1,00,000 per cycle.
Marketing and Profitability
Scampi has a strong domestic market, especially in hotels and restaurants. Its export potential is also significant, especially to Gulf and Southeast Asian countries.
Farmers can sell directly in local markets or through cooperatives. Value-added products like peeled and frozen scampi also have good potential if processing units are nearby.
The investment in a scampi farm includes pond preparation, seed, feed, and labor. However, with proper care and market linkage, farmers can achieve high profits within six months.
Integrated Farming and Sustainability
Scampi can be cultured along with carps or freshwater fishes in polyculture systems. This increases pond productivity and income without needing more land or resources.
Moreover, scampi farming is environment-friendly when managed well. It requires less chemical input and helps in efficient water use, making it a suitable option for small and marginal farmers.
The Giant River Prawn is not just a delicacy; it is a symbol of rural prosperity. With rising demand, better seed availability, and improved farming practices, it is fast becoming the "golden crop" of freshwater aquaculture in India.
For farmers looking to diversify, reduce risk, and enhance income, scampi farming offers a practical and rewarding path. With patience, care, and training, even small landholders can take a leap into prawn farming and taste success, one claw at a time.
